In most cases, advance data is used for evaluating BORDER IRRIGATION. Due to soil variability, as well as initial and boundary conditions in BORDER IRRIGATION, water advance rate varies considerably in different BORDERs. Scaling techniques helped to reduce the required measurements in soil and water issues. The aim of this study was to scale the volume balance equation and provide a simple equation to determine water advance in BORDER IRRIGATION. For this purpose, 21 BORDERs, including cultivated and uncultivated BORDERs with slope of 0. 001 to 0. 005, roughness of 0. 017 to 0. 211, length of 91. 4 to 100 m, and discharge rate of 0. 08 to 0. 16 m 3 /m/min were used. Scale factors were defined such that the volume balance equation remained independent from soil and initial conditions. The scaled advance curves showed certain patterns. As a result, empirical equations were fitted to the scaled solutions. The empirical equation was evaluated for prediction of water advance in the BORDER. The root mean square error obtained from the observed and calculated values by the experimental equation for the different BORDERs, in most cases, was less than 5 minutes, and the mean absolute error value was less than 10%. The determination coefficient of the final advance from observed and calculated values by the experimental equation was 0. 93. In general, simple form and independent to the soil type equations presented are advantages of this method.

In most of the countries in the world, even in the developed countries, surface IRRIGATION is still one of the important IRRIGATION methods in irrigated agriculture. It is estimated that more than 90 percent of the irrigated lands are irrigated with surface IRRIGATION methods. Since determination of optimum field’s dimensions, including slope, inflow rate, and IRRIGATION time, play an important role in enhancement of application efficiency and reduction of projects costs. Therefore, this research was conducted in the Ramshir IRRIGATION and drainage network in the Khuzestan province (namely Velayate plan) with the objectives of determining fields’ dimensions, design and management parameters of BORDER IRRIGATION with closed-end regime and for achieving higher application efficiency and distribution uniformity. Using water advance and recession measurements along the BORDER length and use of a comprehensive surface IRRIGATION model, that is to say, WinSRFR-3.1 model, the soil infiltration parameters of the area were determined.Hence, the model was calibrated and the parameters of the best fitted infiltration equation, based on the Kostiakov-Lewis equation, was determined. Also by using the simulation part of the model, the dimensions and other design and management parameters of BORDER IRRIGATION, with closed-end regime cultivated with wheat crop, was determined. Based on results and with regards to proper application efficiency and distribution uniformity, the BORDER design alternative of 7 m wide, 200 m length, and slopes of 0.005 to 0.001 m/m was a proper alternative for all ranges of selected inflow discharges (10-20 lit/s) and net IRRIGATION depths of 50 to 90 mm. However, based on results, the design alternative of 200 m BORDER length and longitudinal slope of 0.0005 m/m is the best alternative with regards to higher application efficiency. Moreover, the longitudinal slope of 0.0005 m/m is an ideal slope for all combinations of design alternatives with fair application efficiencies. Basically, the BORDER length of 300 m and higher are not a suitable option for all selected slopes and low inflow rates of less than 10 lit/s. Finally, in the Ramshir IRRIGATION and drainage network, if the field’s dimensions together with the other design and management parameters is set properly, achieving high application efficiency, even higher than 70 percent, in the BORDER IRRIGATION for many design alternatives is easily possible.

One of the important factors on soil infiltration is the crop cover. Temporal variation of infiltration causes change in application efficiency. For evaluating temporal variation of infiltration two methods namely double rings and advance phase in BORDER were used. The IRRIGATION method was BORDER and the crop type was Chickling Vetch . Infiltration equation used in this study was Kostiakov-Lewis. The double rings method was used in the bare land. The infiltration parameters were determined using the method of advance phase in BORDER for 0 , 20 , 40 , 60 , 80 and 100 percent of crop cover. The results show that infiltration characteristics change with changing crop cover percentage. The cumulative infiltration for a target time decrease with increasing crop cover percentage. In this research the double rings and advance phase methods were compared. The results showed that the cumulative infiltration was greater than that for double rings method. In addition the infiltration parameters using the two methods were compared.

The main problem in surface IRRIGATION systems is the low IRRIGATION efficiency due to poor management, inaccurate estimation of design parameters and inadequate design. Losses in surface IRRIGATION include deep infiltration and runoff, which is one of the ways to increase the efficiency of BORDER IRRIGATION, using closed-end mode in IRRIGATION systems. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of geometrical variables (slope and length of BORDER) and flow control (inlet flow rate and cut-off time) on application efficiency and uniformity of water distribution in closed-end BORDER IRRIGATION system. The length, slope, inflow rate, and cut-off time are considered as the decision-making variables for developing the multi-objective genetic algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting. For this purpose, three IRRIGATION BORDERs with closed-end system were considered in the Ramshir network. The optimization algorithm for calculating the objective functions involves maximizing the minimum water depth and minimizing the infiltration depth in a modeling loop. The optimization algorithm was linked to WinSRFR 4. 1. 3 software to calculate the objective functions. The results showed that the best combination of inflow rate and the cut-off time for 75 mm of required water depth was 1. 9 lit/s/m and 150 min, respectively, which increased application efficiency and distribution uniformity to 79 and 78 percent. Furthermore, the application efficiency in the closed-end BORDER IRRIGATION system is higher (30% to 50%) than the open end method in different scenarios.

Estimating the parameters of infiltration equation and Manning’ s roughness coefficient are essential for the optimal design and evaluation of surface IRRIGATION systems. The present study was carried out to calibrate these coefficients for a closed-end BORDER IRRIGATION system with four series of field information. In this regard, the hydraulic surface water flow is simulated using zero-inertia model by WinSRFR simulation model that linked to the particle swarm optimization algorithm for repetitive calculations. The objective function of the optimization problem was the minimization of the difference between the calculated and measured times of advance and recession phases, and four coefficients of the modified Kostiakov equation and Manning’ s roughness coefficient were considered as decision variables. The sensitivity analysis of the developed model showed that the coefficient b of infiltration equation in the recession phase and the Manning’ s roughness coefficient in the advance phase have the most errors in the predicted results. The results showed that based on the optimized parameters in the model, the values of root mean square error, RMSE, were obtained between 3. 77 to 12. 86 minutes and the coefficients of residual mass were varied between-0. 099 and 0. 003 to predict the advance and recession times in the four experimental IRRIGATIONs. Based on results, with optimization of WinSRFR model, there is accessibility to achieve in application efficiency and distribution uniformity about 86 and 84 percent, respectively (with adequacy about 100 percent) by flow variable (inflow rate and cutoff time).

This research was carried out on three farms in the development unit of four IRRIGATION and drainage network Zarinh rood. Farms were selected randomly in three different positions and irrigated with end blocked BORDER IRRIGATION system and crop pattern was Alfalfa. In two fields, three consecutive IRRIGATION and in the other field two consecutive IRRIGATION of end season was evaluated in Shahrivar (Sep) and Mehr (Oct) of year 1391. Also three test BORDERs in each field were randomly selected and evaluated. Physical and chemical properties of field’s soil, soil moisture condition, inlet discharge to the test BORDERs, and also advance and recession data were measured in the day before IRRIGATION, day of IRRIGATION and 48 hours after each IRRIGATION. The results shows that, application efficiency in fields A and B, respectively, were 88.61 and 95.07 percent and requirement efficiency were 90.21 and 92.82 percent in adequacy of IRRIGATION 59.59 and 65.87 percent. Application efficiency in field C were 51.59 percent and requirement efficiency were 100 percent in adequacy of IRRIGATION 100 percent. The efficiencies obtained acceptable and condition of farm IRRIGATION in the evaluated period is desirable, although was carried out deficit IRRIGATION in the fields A and B but water requirement efficiency of them was acceptable. Also the results of this research showed if the custodians of IRRIGATION networks have well of scientific and operational programs to water delivery and disteibution to farmers and water available to farmers were to the extent required, farmers often able to apply appropriate management are in the within their field.

To evaluate, design or simulate BORDER IRRIGATION it is necessary to determine infiltration equation that represents natural field conditions for BORDER IRRIGATION. In this research, the parameters of the Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equation for BORDER IRRIGATION in experimental farms of Isfahan University of Technology, Lavark and Khazaneh were determined using volume balance method. Field data collected including BORDER length, BORDER width, BORDER slope, soil texture and measured data of advance time, recession time and BORDER inflow and outflow. Using surface IRRIGATION model input data including infiltration equation parameters, the surface IRRIGATION model was studied for different field conditions and the sub-surface infiltrated water profiles were plotted. The results showed a good agreement between experimental data and model prediction.

This study was conducted to evaluate the current management of furrow and BORDER IRRIGATION systems in the Dez IRRIGATION network. Of the eight farms studied, three grew wheat and one each grew com, sugar beets, lettuce, sesame and mung beans. The study found water application efficiency in the five farms with furrow IRRIGATION systems to be 25.8% and for the three farms with BORDER IRRIGATION systems to be 32.7%.The main reason for water loss was found to be runoff and deep percolation. SCS infiltration equation parameters were calculated using the obtained data. For each farm, conditions were simulated using the SCS equation. Methods for optimum IRRIGATION were developed based on variables such as discharge inflow, furrow/ BORDER length and cut-off time and cut-back methods.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of IRRIGATION with polluted water on soil properties in two water treatment as river water and well water during two years on Gharesoo River located in Dorodfaraman district, in 20 km south of Kermanshah. This study was performed in three soil layers 30, 60 & 90 cm with three replications in a randomized complete block design. Different soil properties including gradation curve, coefficients of uniformity (Cu) and curvature (Cc), saturation hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and other parameters such as bulk and practical density (ρ b & ρ a) and porosity (η ) were determined. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no uniform trend between various parameters. Using the polluted water caused a significant difference at 1% level on saturated hydraulic conductivity and uniformity coefficient at 5% level on curvature coefficient but on the other soil properties, no significant difference was found. Gradation curve of contaminated water had been transferred to the lower and right that this represented an increase of particles size. Also, the use of contaminated water increased uniformity and curvature coefficients then it improved these coefficients and the soil was more non-uniform. The results showed that IRRIGATION with polluted water in loamy soil increased saturated hydraulic conductivity ratio but it decreased bulk and practical density significantly. It can be concluded that the use of polluted water increased the soil porosity.

It is necessary to study the efficiency of water use as an effective factor to determine water consumption efficiency and improving it. On the other hand, measuring this parameter is time-consuming and expense. Therefore, developed models that have capability to provide accurate simulations at real is vital. In this study, hydrodynamic, Zero initial and SRFR (Balance method) models were used by BORDER IRRIGATION during 2014-2015 for simulating applied water efficiency in wheat cultivation. Calibration results in the first year showed that the complete hydrodynamic and zero initial models had similar performance with 12 and 13% error, respectively, which was compared with the SRFR model in the second year. The results also indicated that that the SIRMOD-HD model with an average R2 of 0.89, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.86% and the Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) of 5% is suitable for simulating application efficiency conditions and has better performance than The SRFR model.